                                   UnixLib
                                   =======

The library name UnixLib
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Don't confuse this library with the UnixLib library provided by RISCOS Ltd.
RISCOS Ltd.'s UnixLib is part of the TCPIPLibs and also provides a
lot of Unix function calls like this library does but it is not a
Run Time library.


UnixLib Purpose
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The intent of UnixLib is to provide, as much as possible, a fully
POSIX-compatible Run Time library for RISC OS in order to compile and run
most (but not all) POSIX-compatible code that avoids OS specific code.

This is true of much open source code.  It also includes some Linux and
GLIBC compatible interfaces.  Some POSIX features are impractical on
RISC OS or simply have not been implemented.  In the latter case, we'd
appreciate a bug report.  Non-advertised deviation from POSIX behaviour will
generally also be a bug.


Run-time features
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Certain features of UnixLib can be enabled/disabled by defining environment
variables. These can be applied to all UnixLib based applications running
on the system, or to specific programs.

To set globally use:
  *Set UnixEnv$<features>

To set per-program use:
  *Set UnixEnv$<program name>$<features>

The <program name> is specified by the __program_name variable when
defined (this is a WEAK symbol) or by the leaf name of argv[0] otherwise.

The list of recognised features are:

1. nonametrans

   If set, all file paths and filenames will be used verbatim i.e. without
   the usual Unix to RISC OS conversions.  Its value is not important.

     *Set UnixEnv$my_program$nonametrans ""

   This corresponds with having the __RISCOSIFY_NO_PROCESS bit in
   __riscosify_flags set of the __riscosify() routine or having that bit
   in the WEAK symbol __riscosify_control specified.  See <unixlib/local.h>
   include file for more information.

2. sfix

   Default: a:c:cc:f:h:i:ii:l:o:p:s:y
   This defines the list of suffixes which will be used to perform suffix
   swapping when suffix swapping is enabled.  Suffix swapping is enabled
   by default and can be disabled by having the __RISCOSIFY_NO_SUFFIX
   bit specified in __riscosify_flags of the __riscosify() routine or
   having that bit specified in the WEAK symbol __riscosify_control.
   See the <unixlib/local.h> include file for more information.

   Suffix swapping can also be disabled by defining the
   UnixEnv$<program name>$sfix environment variable as an empty string :

     *Set UnixEnv$my_program$sfix ""

   Note that doing :

     *UnSet UnixEnv$my_program$sfix

   will *enable* suffix swapping with the default suffix list
   mentioned above unless __RISCOSIFY_NO_SUFFIX is specified in the
   __riscosify_flags variable or __riscosify()'s flags parameter.

3. uid

   Default: 1
   If set, then its value is used to set the UNIX uid and euid values.

4. coredump

   Default: No coredump done (empty string)
   If set to a non empty string, then this value will be used to write a
   coredump file of the application workspace and dynamic areas in use when
   there is an uncatched signal or when the __unixlib_write_coredump routine
   is called.

Another important runtime feature is the environment variable UnixFS$/
followed by a non-zero length string.  This non-zero length string is
an Unix subdirectory name in the root directory or an Unix
subdirectory name in /usr or /var directories which you would like to
map to specific RISC OS directories.

The Unix subdirectory in /usr and /var directories mapping has higher
priority than the Unix subdirectory in the root directory mapping.

Note that defining UnixFS$/ does not have any effect.

E.g. :
  *Set UnixFS$/home ADFS::4.$.MyHome

    Maps Unix file or directories names like /home/a_file and
    /home/a_dir/another_dir to ADFS::4.$.MyHome.a_file and
    ADFS::4.$.MyHome.a_dir.another_dir respectively.

  *Set UnixFS$/mail ADFS::4.$.Mail

    Maps the Unix filenames /usr/mail or /var/mail directory
    to filenames inside ADFS::4.$.Mail directory.

Currently, up to 16 UnixFS$/ definitions can be made.  By default, the
following two are defined :

  *Set UnixFS$/tmp <Wimp$ScrapDir>
  *Set UnixFS$/pipe <Wimp$ScrapDir>


<program name>$Heap
Causes the heap to be placed in a dynamic area instead of the Wimpslot. Does
not have to have any specific value. Can be overridden by the __dynamic_no_da
weak variable. A maximum of 32 characters are taken for <program name>.

E.g. :
  *Set my_program$Heap ""

<program name>$HeapMax
Integer variable specifying the maximum size (in MB) to use when creating a
dynamic area for the heap. When not defined, it defaults to 32MB or the value
specified by the __dynamic_da_max_size weak variable when this is defined in
the executable. A maximum of 32 characters are taken for <program name>.

E.g. :
  *SetEval my_program$HeapMax 64

UnixLib$env / UnixLib$pcnt
These are environment variables used by UnixLib internally and should
not be used, nor relied on, by clients of UnixLib.


Link-time features
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

There are 'WEAK'ly defined symbols which can be used to control
certain UnixLib features too.  i.e. those symbols can, but not have to,
be *defined* outside UnixLib and when they are defined, they will be
used by the relevant UnixLib functions.  When they are not defined,
they have an implicit value 0.

Its intended use is to provoke as less as possible changes in ported
Unix programs by simply defining an extra RISC OS specific source file
containing just something like e.g. :

---8<---
#include <unixlib/local.h>

int __feature_imagefs_is_file = 1;
---8<---

The list of current 'WEAK'ly defined symbols :

1. __riscosify_control

Header file: <unixlib/local.h>, default value 0.
This symbol controls how riscosify_std() processes filenames and
that routine is used by UnixLib to convert (nearly) all Unix filenames
to RISC OS filenames before those filenames are passed on to RISC OS
itself.

2. __program_name

Header file: <features.h>.

extern const char * const __program_name __attribute__ ((__weak__));

When defined, specifies the <program name> part of the UnixLib OS
variables.  Otherwise, the leaf filename part of main()'s argv[0] is used.

2. __feature_imagefs_is_file

Header file: <features.h>, default value 1.
When non zero, files with filetypes recognized by an active ImageFS will
be considered as regular files and not as directories.

3. __dynamic_no_da

Header file: <features.h>.

extern int __dynamic_no_da __attribute__ ((__weak__));

When defined (value is unimportant), no dynamic area will be created
for the memory pool, even on RISC OS versions supporting dynamic areas.

4. __dynamic_da_name

Header file: <features.h>.

extern const char * const __dynamic_da_name __attribute__ ((__weak__));

Specifies the dynamic area name when there is one created for keeping
the memory pool.  When __dynamic_da_name is not defined, the dynamic
area name will be <program name> + "$Heap".

5. __dynamic_da_max_size

Header file: <features.h>.

extern int __dynamic_da_max_size __attribute__ ((__weak__));

Specifies the maximum size to use in bytes when creating a dynamic area for
the heap. When not defined, it defaults to 32MB. Can always be overridden by
the <program name>$HeapMax integer variable (in MB).


Compile-time features
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

We try to restrict the number of compile-time features so that one binary
release of UnixLib can satisfy most programmers.  These features, together
with a short explanation, are defined in
libunixlib/include/unixlib/buildoptions.h.


Stub functions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A few functions are stub functions.  They are provided in UnixLib
as either placeholders for functions that await implementation or those
that simply cannot be; possibly because they are not relevant to RISC OS.
For a complete list, see the autogenerated file
libunixlib/include/unixlib/stubs.h


Stack and heap
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The way the stack and heap are organised has changed from previous
UnixLib versions. Previously, the stack started at the top of the
wimpslot, and grew downwards in a contiguous manner until it ran out of
space. The new system extends the stack in chunks, in a similar way
that the Shared C Library does. This change should be unnoticable to
user programs.  However, as a consequence of this change, it is now possible
for the wimpslot to be extended automatically if more stack or heap space is
needed.

There are a couple of caveats:
Firstly, if a vfork() and exec() call is made (or system() which uses
vfork and exec internally) then, if the child program is greater than
200k, there must be sufficient free space already inside the wimpslot
to start the child program. If the child program is less than 200k then
the wimpslot can be extended to accomodate it. The 200k limit is a bit
arbitrary, but it is not trivial to determine the size of the child
program before it is loaded, and setting a larger limit could waste
lots of memory when the child is small.
Secondly, while vfork() will work when the heap is in the wimpslot or
in a dynamic area, fork() will only work when the heap is in the
wimpslot. If it is called when the heap is in a dynamic area then it
will just return an error.


This raises the question of whether a program should use dynamic areas
for the heap or not. If it uses only a few megabytes of memory and never
calls vfork/system then the wimpslot is the best place. If the program
calls fork() then it has to use the wimpslot. If the program calls
vfork/system a lot then using a dynamic area may be best, although in
some cases where the child program uses lots of memory but the parent
doesn't (as is the case for gcc) then the wimpslot may be equally good.
If the program requires large amounts of memory, in particular greater
than 28MB, then it depends on the OS. For RISC OS 3, 4 and 6 the wimpslot
is limited to 28MB and so if you need more then you must use dynamic
areas, but on RISC OS 5 the wimpslot can be a lot larger, whereas
dynamic area space may be limited.


pthreads
~~~~~~~~

UnixLib provides support for threading, using the POSIX pthreads
interface as defined in IEEE Std 1003.1 2003
<URL:http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904975/>.

The threading code has been tested in a variety of applications, and
although probably a few bugs remain, it is stable. The details of how to use
threads are far too complex to describe here, but there are many books and
tutorials available on the web which should be suitable.

Thread contexts are pre-emptivly switched, however there are certain
times when threads cannot be switched, in particular during SWI calls.
Therefore if a thread calls, for example, OS_ReadLine (either directly,
or via a UnixLib function) then none of the other threads will get a
chance to run until OS_ReadLine returns.

Thread safety

IEEE 1003.1 defines which functions within UnixLib should be thread safe
and which may not be. You must ensure that any third party libraries you
use are also thread safe. Calling SWIs is generally safe, as the SWI
will not be preempted, however if the SWI returns a pointer to internal
storage that might change the next time the SWI is called then it would
not be thread safe unless you ensure only one thread will ever access
it, or protect it with a mutex.

Multitasking

Running a threaded program in a taskwindow is possible without any extra
code.  Likewise for threaded Wimp programs but this on condition that its
Wimp_Initialise SWI call gets done before its first thread creation.

When you call Wimp_StartTask in your threaded program, you need to temporary
disable threading before the Wimp_StartTask call and re-enable it afterwards:

__pthread_stop_ticker();
/* Call Wimp_StartTask here */
__pthread_start_ticker();

Note that for those two kinds of multitasking programs, context switching may
not occur very often.  Therefore for threaded Wimp programs you may find it
beneficial to put a pthread_yield() call somewhere inside the Wimp_Poll loop,
to ensure other threads get a better chance of running.

In addition, you may find it appropriate to disable threads during Wimp
redraw loops.


Sound support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

UnixLib implements the OSS sound interface via the /dev/dsp device.  It
makes use of the DRenderer module which is now part of GCCSDK SVN tree.
DRenderer was writen by Andreas Dehmel and licensed in Jan 2006 under GPL.
Its previous homepage was:

  <URL:http://www.zarquon.homepage.t-online.de/Software.html>

At the time of writing, the latest version is 0.52.


iconv support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Previously, use of iconv in programs required linking in of the stand alone
iconv library, which adds around 1MB to UnixLib programs - mainly because
of the lack of a shared library system on RISC OS.  In this version,
iconv support is in an external module, and UnixLib provides a C interface
to call this.  It should act much like the inbuilt iconv support in GLIBC.

The latest version of the iconv module is currently available from:

  <URL:http://www.netsurf-browser.org/projects/iconv/iconv_latest.zip>

At the time of writing, the latest version is 0.10.


/dev/(u)random support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

UnixLib implements the /dev/random and /dev/urandom devices using the
CryptRandom RISC OS module.  This CryptRandom module is currently available
from:

  <URL:http://www.markettos.org.uk/riscos/crypto/>

At the time of writing, the latest version is 0.12.


Environment Variables
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Unix systems have an environment that is private to each process, and
changing an environment for one process will only that process and
possibly its children. However RISC OS system variables are global and
if one process changes a variable then that change is seen by all other
processes.

To cater for both ported programs and native programs, UnixLib changes
the behaviour of the getenv and setenv functions depending on the name
of the variable. If the variable has a $ in the name, then it is
assumed to be a RISC OS system variable and it is fetched/written to
the global environment. However, if the name does not contain a $ then
it is assumed to be a Unix style environment variable and is
fetched/written to the process' private environment.
When a program is run, the environ array will be populated with all
RISC OS system variables that exist at the time that either have no $
in their name, or are prefixed with UnixEnv$.


Building
~~~~~~~~

UnixLib is part of the GCCSDK deliverables which can be found at
<URL:http://gccsdk.riscos.info/> and no longer individually distributed.
In case you want to better understand the UnixLib building process as part
of the GCCSDK build, the following information could be helpful.

The script recipe/scrips/reconf-libunixlib is used to create
libunixlib/Makefile.ac based on all the C, header and assembler files in the
libunixlib directory and its subdirectories.  When you add/remove source
files during your development, you can make those changes in the generated
Makefile.ac file as well (despite this file being generated by
recipe/scripts/reconf-libunixlib and not in source control) as the Makefile
used to do the actually build (and derived from Makefile.ac) will check this
and be automatically regenerated before the actual build.

A set of build options specifying which parts of UnixLib are to be included,
which runtime sanity checks needs to be done, etc are specified at
libunixlib/include/unixlib/buildoptions.h.


Name registration
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

On behalf of the "GCCSDK Developers", the following names have been
registered for use in and by UnixLib :

- OS system variables : UnixEnv$* and UnixFS$*
- Application names : UnixLib and GCC
  [ Which also means that the UnixLib$* and GCC$* OS system variables
    are registered too. ]
- Module name: SharedUnixLibrary with SWI base &55c80 and error base &81a400

The previous usage of the OS system variables Unix$* has been discontinued.

-EOF-
